Quelle teo.c
Sprache: C
// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Timer events oriented CPU idle governor
*
* Copyright ( C ) 2018 - 2021 Intel Corporation
* Author : Rafael J . Wysocki < rafael . j . wysocki @ intel . com >
*/
/**
* DOC : teo - description
*
* The idea of this governor is based on the observation that on many systems
* timer interrupts are two or more orders of magnitude more frequent than any
* other interrupt types , so they are likely to dominate CPU wakeup patterns .
* Moreover , in principle , the time when the next timer event is going to occur
* can be determined at the idle state selection time , although doing that may
* be costly , so it can be regarded as the most reliable source of information
* for idle state selection .
*
* Of course , non - timer wakeup sources are more important in some use cases ,
* but even then it is generally unnecessary to consider idle duration values
* greater than the time till the next timer event , referred as the sleep
* length in what follows , because the closest timer will ultimately wake up the
* CPU anyway unless it is woken up earlier .
*
* However , since obtaining the sleep length may be costly , the governor first
* checks if it can select a shallow idle state using wakeup pattern information
* from recent times , in which case it can do without knowing the sleep length
* at all . For this purpose , it counts CPU wakeup events and looks for an idle
* state whose target residency has not exceeded the idle duration ( measured
* after wakeup ) in the majority of relevant recent cases . If the target
* residency of that state is small enough , it may be used right away and the
* sleep length need not be determined .
*
* The computations carried out by this governor are based on using bins whose
* boundaries are aligned with the target residency parameter values of the CPU
* idle states provided by the % CPUIdle driver in the ascending order . That is ,
* the first bin spans from 0 up to , but not including , the target residency of
* the second idle state ( idle state 1 ) , the second bin spans from the target
* residency of idle state 1 up to , but not including , the target residency of
* idle state 2 , the third bin spans from the target residency of idle state 2
* up to , but not including , the target residency of idle state 3 and so on .
* The last bin spans from the target residency of the deepest idle state
* supplied by the driver to infinity .
*
* Two metrics called " hits " and " intercepts " are associated with each bin .
* They are updated every time before selecting an idle state for the given CPU
* in accordance with what happened last time .
*
* The " hits " metric reflects the relative frequency of situations in which the
* sleep length and the idle duration measured after CPU wakeup fall into the
* same bin ( that is , the CPU appears to wake up " on time " relative to the sleep
* length ) . In turn , the " intercepts " metric reflects the relative frequency of
* non - timer wakeup events for which the measured idle duration falls into a bin
* that corresponds to an idle state shallower than the one whose bin is fallen
* into by the sleep length ( these events are also referred to as " intercepts "
* below ) .
*
* The governor also counts " intercepts " with the measured idle duration below
* the tick period length and uses this information when deciding whether or not
* to stop the scheduler tick .
*
* In order to select an idle state for a CPU , the governor takes the following
* steps ( modulo the possible latency constraint that must be taken into account
* too ) :
*
* 1 . Find the deepest enabled CPU idle state ( the candidate idle state ) and
* compute 2 sums as follows :
*
* - The sum of the " hits " metric for all of the idle states shallower than
* the candidate one ( it represents the cases in which the CPU was likely
* woken up by a timer ) .
*
* - The sum of the " intercepts " metric for all of the idle states shallower
* than the candidate one ( it represents the cases in which the CPU was
* likely woken up by a non - timer wakeup source ) .
*
* 2 . If the second sum computed in step 1 is greater than a half of the sum of
* both metrics for the candidate state bin and all subsequent bins ( if any ) ,
* a shallower idle state is likely to be more suitable , so look for it .
*
* - Traverse the enabled idle states shallower than the candidate one in the
* descending order .
*
* - For each of them compute the sum of the " intercepts " metrics over all
* of the idle states between it and the candidate one ( including the
* former and excluding the latter ) .
*
* - If this sum is greater than a half of the second sum computed in step 1 ,
* use the given idle state as the new candidate one .
*
* 3 . If the current candidate state is state 0 or its target residency is short
* enough , return it and prevent the scheduler tick from being stopped .
*
* 4 . Obtain the sleep length value and check if it is below the target
* residency of the current candidate state , in which case a new shallower
* candidate state needs to be found , so look for it .
*/
#include <linux/cpuidle.h>
#include <linux/jiffies.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/sched/clock.h>
#include <linux/tick.h>
#include "gov.h"
/*
* Idle state exit latency threshold used for deciding whether or not to check
* the time till the closest expected timer event .
*/
#define LATENCY_THRESHOLD_NS (RESIDENCY_THRESHOLD_NS / 2 )
/*
* The PULSE value is added to metrics when they grow and the DECAY_SHIFT value
* is used for decreasing metrics on a regular basis .
*/
#define PULSE 1024
#define DECAY_SHIFT 3
/**
* struct teo_bin - Metrics used by the TEO cpuidle governor .
* @ intercepts : The " intercepts " metric .
* @ hits : The " hits " metric .
*/
struct teo_bin {
unsigned int intercepts;
unsigned int hits;
};
/**
* struct teo_cpu - CPU data used by the TEO cpuidle governor .
* @ sleep_length_ns : Time till the closest timer event ( at the selection time ) .
* @ state_bins : Idle state data bins for this CPU .
* @ total : Grand total of the " intercepts " and " hits " metrics for all bins .
* @ tick_intercepts : " Intercepts " before TICK_NSEC .
* @ short_idles : Wakeups after short idle periods .
* @ artificial_wakeup : Set if the wakeup has been triggered by a safety net .
*/
struct teo_cpu {
s64 sleep_length_ns;
struct teo_bin state_bins[CPUIDLE_STATE_MAX];
unsigned int total;
unsigned int tick_intercepts;
unsigned int short_idles;
bool artificial_wakeup;
};
static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct teo_cpu, teo_cpus);
/**
* teo_update - Update CPU metrics after wakeup .
* @ drv : cpuidle driver containing state data .
* @ dev : Target CPU .
*/
static void teo_update(struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev)
{
struct teo_cpu *cpu_data = per_cpu_ptr(&teo_cpus, dev->cpu);
int i, idx_timer = 0 , idx_duration = 0 ;
s64 target_residency_ns;
u64 measured_ns;
cpu_data->short_idles -= cpu_data->short_idles >> DECAY_SHIFT;
if (cpu_data->artificial_wakeup) {
/*
* If one of the safety nets has triggered , assume that this
* might have been a long sleep .
*/
measured_ns = U64_MAX;
} else {
u64 lat_ns = drv->states[dev->last_state_idx].exit_latency_ns;
measured_ns = dev->last_residency_ns;
/*
* The delay between the wakeup and the first instruction
* executed by the CPU is not likely to be worst - case every
* time , so take 1 / 2 of the exit latency as a very rough
* approximation of the average of it .
*/
if (measured_ns >= lat_ns) {
measured_ns -= lat_ns / 2 ;
if (measured_ns < RESIDENCY_THRESHOLD_NS)
cpu_data->short_idles += PULSE;
} else {
measured_ns /= 2 ;
cpu_data->short_idles += PULSE;
}
}
/*
* Decay the " hits " and " intercepts " metrics for all of the bins and
* find the bins that the sleep length and the measured idle duration
* fall into .
*/
for (i = 0 ; i < drv->state_count; i++) {
struct teo_bin *bin = &cpu_data->state_bins[i];
bin->hits -= bin->hits >> DECAY_SHIFT;
bin->intercepts -= bin->intercepts >> DECAY_SHIFT;
target_residency_ns = drv->states[i].target_residency_ns;
if (target_residency_ns <= cpu_data->sleep_length_ns) {
idx_timer = i;
if (target_residency_ns <= measured_ns)
idx_duration = i;
}
}
cpu_data->tick_intercepts -= cpu_data->tick_intercepts >> DECAY_SHIFT;
/*
* If the measured idle duration falls into the same bin as the sleep
* length , this is a " hit " , so update the " hits " metric for that bin .
* Otherwise , update the " intercepts " metric for the bin fallen into by
* the measured idle duration .
*/
if (idx_timer == idx_duration) {
cpu_data->state_bins[idx_timer].hits += PULSE;
} else {
cpu_data->state_bins[idx_duration].intercepts += PULSE;
if (TICK_NSEC <= measured_ns)
cpu_data->tick_intercepts += PULSE;
}
cpu_data->total -= cpu_data->total >> DECAY_SHIFT;
cpu_data->total += PULSE;
}
static bool teo_state_ok(int i, struct cpuidle_driver *drv)
{
return !tick_nohz_tick_stopped() ||
drv->states[i].target_residency_ns >= TICK_NSEC;
}
/**
* teo_find_shallower_state - Find shallower idle state matching given duration .
* @ drv : cpuidle driver containing state data .
* @ dev : Target CPU .
* @ state_idx : Index of the capping idle state .
* @ duration_ns : Idle duration value to match .
* @ no_poll : Don ' t consider polling states .
*/
static int teo_find_shallower_state(struct cpuidle_driver *drv,
struct cpuidle_device *dev, int state_idx,
s64 duration_ns, bool no_poll)
{
int i;
for (i = state_idx - 1 ; i >= 0 ; i--) {
if (dev->states_usage[i].disable ||
(no_poll && drv->states[i].flags & CPUIDLE_FLAG_POLLING))
continue ;
state_idx = i;
if (drv->states[i].target_residency_ns <= duration_ns)
break ;
}
return state_idx;
}
/**
* teo_select - Selects the next idle state to enter .
* @ drv : cpuidle driver containing state data .
* @ dev : Target CPU .
* @ stop_tick : Indication on whether or not to stop the scheduler tick .
*/
static int teo_select(struct cpuidle_driver *drv, struct cpuidle_device *dev,
bool *stop_tick)
{
struct teo_cpu *cpu_data = per_cpu_ptr(&teo_cpus, dev->cpu);
s64 latency_req = cpuidle_governor_latency_req(dev->cpu);
ktime_t delta_tick = TICK_NSEC / 2 ;
unsigned int idx_intercept_sum = 0 ;
unsigned int intercept_sum = 0 ;
unsigned int idx_hit_sum = 0 ;
unsigned int hit_sum = 0 ;
int constraint_idx = 0 ;
int idx0 = 0 , idx = -1 ;
s64 duration_ns;
int i;
if (dev->last_state_idx >= 0 ) {
teo_update(drv, dev);
dev->last_state_idx = -1 ;
}
/*
* Set the sleep length to infinity in case the invocation of
* tick_nohz_get_sleep_length ( ) below is skipped , in which case it won ' t
* be known whether or not the subsequent wakeup is caused by a timer .
* It is generally fine to count the wakeup as an intercept then , except
* for the cases when the CPU is mostly woken up by timers and there may
* be opportunities to ask for a deeper idle state when no imminent
* timers are scheduled which may be missed .
*/
cpu_data->sleep_length_ns = KTIME_MAX;
/* Check if there is any choice in the first place. */
if (drv->state_count < 2 ) {
idx = 0 ;
goto out_tick;
}
if (!dev->states_usage[0 ].disable)
idx = 0 ;
/* Compute the sums of metrics for early wakeup pattern detection. */
for (i = 1 ; i < drv->state_count; i++) {
struct teo_bin *prev_bin = &cpu_data->state_bins[i-1 ];
struct cpuidle_state *s = &drv->states[i];
/*
* Update the sums of idle state metrics for all of the states
* shallower than the current one .
*/
intercept_sum += prev_bin->intercepts;
hit_sum += prev_bin->hits;
if (dev->states_usage[i].disable)
continue ;
if (idx < 0 )
idx0 = i; /* first enabled state */
idx = i;
if (s->exit_latency_ns <= latency_req)
constraint_idx = i;
/* Save the sums for the current state. */
idx_intercept_sum = intercept_sum;
idx_hit_sum = hit_sum;
}
/* Avoid unnecessary overhead. */
if (idx < 0 ) {
idx = 0 ; /* No states enabled, must use 0. */
goto out_tick;
}
if (idx == idx0) {
/*
* Only one idle state is enabled , so use it , but do not
* allow the tick to be stopped it is shallow enough .
*/
duration_ns = drv->states[idx].target_residency_ns;
goto end;
}
/*
* If the sum of the intercepts metric for all of the idle states
* shallower than the current candidate one ( idx ) is greater than the
* sum of the intercepts and hits metrics for the candidate state and
* all of the deeper states , a shallower idle state is likely to be a
* better choice .
*/
if (2 * idx_intercept_sum > cpu_data->total - idx_hit_sum) {
int first_suitable_idx = idx;
/*
* Look for the deepest idle state whose target residency had
* not exceeded the idle duration in over a half of the relevant
* cases in the past .
*
* Take the possible duration limitation present if the tick
* has been stopped already into account .
*/
intercept_sum = 0 ;
for (i = idx - 1 ; i >= 0 ; i--) {
struct teo_bin *bin = &cpu_data->state_bins[i];
intercept_sum += bin->intercepts;
if (2 * intercept_sum > idx_intercept_sum) {
/*
* Use the current state unless it is too
* shallow or disabled , in which case take the
* first enabled state that is deep enough .
*/
if (teo_state_ok(i, drv) &&
!dev->states_usage[i].disable) {
idx = i;
break ;
}
idx = first_suitable_idx;
break ;
}
if (dev->states_usage[i].disable)
continue ;
if (teo_state_ok(i, drv)) {
/*
* The current state is deep enough , but still
* there may be a better one .
*/
first_suitable_idx = i;
continue ;
}
/*
* The current state is too shallow , so if no suitable
* states other than the initial candidate have been
* found , give up ( the remaining states to check are
* shallower still ) , but otherwise the first suitable
* state other than the initial candidate may turn out
* to be preferable .
*/
if (first_suitable_idx == idx)
break ;
}
}
/*
* If there is a latency constraint , it may be necessary to select an
* idle state shallower than the current candidate one .
*/
if (idx > constraint_idx)
idx = constraint_idx;
/*
* If either the candidate state is state 0 or its target residency is
* low enough , there is basically nothing more to do , but if the sleep
* length is not updated , the subsequent wakeup will be counted as an
* " intercept " which may be problematic in the cases when timer wakeups
* are dominant . Namely , it may effectively prevent deeper idle states
* from being selected at one point even if no imminent timers are
* scheduled .
*
* However , frequent timers in the RESIDENCY_THRESHOLD_NS range on one
* CPU are unlikely ( user space has a default 50 us slack value for
* hrtimers and there are relatively few timers with a lower deadline
* value in the kernel ) , and even if they did happen , the potential
* benefit from using a deep idle state in that case would be
* questionable anyway for latency reasons . Thus if the measured idle
* duration falls into that range in the majority of cases , assume
* non - timer wakeups to be dominant and skip updating the sleep length
* to reduce latency .
*
* Also , if the latency constraint is sufficiently low , it will force
* shallow idle states regardless of the wakeup type , so the sleep
* length need not be known in that case .
*/
if ((!idx || drv->states[idx].target_residency_ns < RESIDENCY_THRESHOLD_NS) &&
(2 * cpu_data->short_idles >= cpu_data->total ||
latency_req < LATENCY_THRESHOLD_NS))
goto out_tick;
duration_ns = tick_nohz_get_sleep_length(&delta_tick);
cpu_data->sleep_length_ns = duration_ns;
if (!idx)
goto out_tick;
/*
* If the closest expected timer is before the target residency of the
* candidate state , a shallower one needs to be found .
*/
if (drv->states[idx].target_residency_ns > duration_ns) {
i = teo_find_shallower_state(drv, dev, idx, duration_ns, false );
if (teo_state_ok(i, drv))
idx = i;
}
/*
* If the selected state ' s target residency is below the tick length
* and intercepts occurring before the tick length are the majority of
* total wakeup events , do not stop the tick .
*/
if (drv->states[idx].target_residency_ns < TICK_NSEC &&
cpu_data->tick_intercepts > cpu_data->total / 2 + cpu_data->total / 8 )
duration_ns = TICK_NSEC / 2 ;
end:
/*
* Allow the tick to be stopped unless the selected state is a polling
* one or the expected idle duration is shorter than the tick period
* length .
*/
if ((!(drv->states[idx].flags & CPUIDLE_FLAG_POLLING) &&
duration_ns >= TICK_NSEC) || tick_nohz_tick_stopped())
return idx;
/*
* The tick is not going to be stopped , so if the target residency of
* the state to be returned is not within the time till the closest
* timer including the tick , try to correct that .
*/
if (idx > idx0 &&
drv->states[idx].target_residency_ns > delta_tick)
idx = teo_find_shallower_state(drv, dev, idx, delta_tick, false );
out_tick:
*stop_tick = false ;
return idx;
}
/**
* teo_reflect - Note that governor data for the CPU need to be updated .
* @ dev : Target CPU .
* @ state : Entered state .
*/
static void teo_reflect(struct cpuidle_device *dev, int state)
{
struct teo_cpu *cpu_data = per_cpu_ptr(&teo_cpus, dev->cpu);
dev->last_state_idx = state;
if (dev->poll_time_limit ||
(tick_nohz_idle_got_tick() && cpu_data->sleep_length_ns > TICK_NSEC)) {
/*
* The wakeup was not " genuine " , but triggered by one of the
* safety nets .
*/
dev->poll_time_limit = false ;
cpu_data->artificial_wakeup = true ;
} else {
cpu_data->artificial_wakeup = false ;
}
}
/**
* teo_enable_device - Initialize the governor ' s data for the target CPU .
* @ drv : cpuidle driver ( not used ) .
* @ dev : Target CPU .
*/
static int teo_enable_device(struct cpuidle_driver *drv,
struct cpuidle_device *dev)
{
struct teo_cpu *cpu_data = per_cpu_ptr(&teo_cpus, dev->cpu);
memset(cpu_data, 0 , sizeof (*cpu_data));
return 0 ;
}
static struct cpuidle_governor teo_governor = {
.name = "teo" ,
.rating = 19 ,
.enable = teo_enable_device,
.select = teo_select,
.reflect = teo_reflect,
};
static int __init teo_governor_init(void )
{
return cpuidle_register_governor(&teo_governor);
}
postcore_initcall(teo_governor_init);
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(vorverarbeitet am 2026-10-01)
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2026-10-10
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