// Copyright 2023 The Fuchsia Authors // // Licensed under a BSD-style license <LICENSE-BSD>, Apache License, Version 2.0 // <LICENSE-APACHE or https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0>, or the MIT // license <LICENSE-MIT or https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your option. // This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed except according to // those terms.
/// A type with no alignment requirement. /// /// An `Unalign` wraps a `T`, removing any alignment requirement. `Unalign<T>` /// has the same size and bit validity as `T`, but not necessarily the same /// alignment [or ABI]. This is useful if a type with an alignment requirement /// needs to be read from a chunk of memory which provides no alignment /// guarantees. /// /// Since `Unalign` has no alignment requirement, the inner `T` may not be /// properly aligned in memory. There are five ways to access the inner `T`: /// - by value, using [`get`] or [`into_inner`] /// - by reference inside of a callback, using [`update`] /// - fallibly by reference, using [`try_deref`] or [`try_deref_mut`]; these can /// fail if the `Unalign` does not satisfy `T`'s alignment requirement at /// runtime /// - unsafely by reference, using [`deref_unchecked`] or /// [`deref_mut_unchecked`]; it is the caller's responsibility to ensure that /// the `Unalign` satisfies `T`'s alignment requirement /// - (where `T: Unaligned`) infallibly by reference, using [`Deref::deref`] or /// [`DerefMut::deref_mut`] /// /// [or ABI]: https://github.com/google/zerocopy/issues/164 /// [`get`]: Unalign::get /// [`into_inner`]: Unalign::into_inner /// [`update`]: Unalign::update /// [`try_deref`]: Unalign::try_deref /// [`try_deref_mut`]: Unalign::try_deref_mut /// [`deref_unchecked`]: Unalign::deref_unchecked /// [`deref_mut_unchecked`]: Unalign::deref_mut_unchecked // NOTE: This type is sound to use with types that need to be dropped. The // reason is that the compiler-generated drop code automatically moves all // values to aligned memory slots before dropping them in-place. This is not // well-documented, but it's hinted at in places like [1] and [2]. However, this // also means that `T` must be `Sized`; unless something changes, we can never // support unsized `T`. [3] // // [1] https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/54148#issuecomment-420529646 // [2] https://github.com/google/zerocopy/pull/126#discussion_r1018512323 // [3] https://github.com/google/zerocopy/issues/209 #[allow(missing_debug_implementations)] #[derive(Default, Copy)] #[cfg_attr(
any(feature = "derive", test),
derive(KnownLayout, FromZeroes, FromBytes, AsBytes, Unaligned)
)] #[repr(C, packed)] pubstruct Unalign<T>(T);
safety_comment! { /// SAFETY: /// - `Unalign<T>` is `repr(packed)`, so it is unaligned regardless of the /// alignment of `T`, and so we don't require that `T: Unaligned` /// - `Unalign<T>` has the same bit validity as `T`, and so it is /// `FromZeroes`, `FromBytes`, or `AsBytes` exactly when `T` is as well.
impl_or_verify!(T => Unaligned for Unalign<T>);
impl_or_verify!(T: FromZeroes => FromZeroes for Unalign<T>);
impl_or_verify!(T: FromBytes => FromBytes for Unalign<T>);
impl_or_verify!(T: AsBytes => AsBytes for Unalign<T>);
}
// Note that `Unalign: Clone` only if `T: Copy`. Since the inner `T` may not be // aligned, there's no way to safely call `T::clone`, and so a `T: Clone` bound // is not sufficient to implement `Clone` for `Unalign`. impl<T: Copy> Clone for Unalign<T> { #[inline(always)] fn clone(&self) -> Unalign<T> {
*self
}
}
impl<T> Unalign<T> { /// Constructs a new `Unalign`. #[inline(always)] pubconstfn new(val: T) -> Unalign<T> {
Unalign(val)
}
/// Consumes `self`, returning the inner `T`. #[inline(always)] pubconstfn into_inner(self) -> T { // Use this instead of `mem::transmute` since the latter can't tell // that `Unalign<T>` and `T` have the same size. #[repr(C)]
union Transmute<T> {
u: ManuallyDrop<Unalign<T>>,
t: ManuallyDrop<T>,
}
// SAFETY: Since `Unalign` is `#[repr(C, packed)]`, it has the same // layout as `T`. `ManuallyDrop<U>` is guaranteed to have the same // layout as `U`, and so `ManuallyDrop<Unalign<T>>` has the same layout // as `ManuallyDrop<T>`. Since `Transmute<T>` is `#[repr(C)]`, its `t` // and `u` fields both start at the same offset (namely, 0) within the // union. // // We do this instead of just destructuring in order to prevent // `Unalign`'s `Drop::drop` from being run, since dropping is not // supported in `const fn`s. // // TODO(https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/73255): Destructure // instead of using unsafe. unsafe { ManuallyDrop::into_inner(Transmute { u: ManuallyDrop::new(self) }.t) }
}
/// Attempts to return a reference to the wrapped `T`, failing if `self` is /// not properly aligned. /// /// If `self` does not satisfy `mem::align_of::<T>()`, then it is unsound to /// return a reference to the wrapped `T`, and `try_deref` returns `None`. /// /// If `T: Unaligned`, then `Unalign<T>` implements [`Deref`], and callers /// may prefer [`Deref::deref`], which is infallible. #[inline(always)] pubfn try_deref(&self) -> Option<&T> { if !crate::util::aligned_to::<_, T>(self) { return None;
}
// SAFETY: `deref_unchecked`'s safety requirement is that `self` is // aligned to `align_of::<T>()`, which we just checked. unsafe { Some(self.deref_unchecked()) }
}
/// Attempts to return a mutable reference to the wrapped `T`, failing if /// `self` is not properly aligned. /// /// If `self` does not satisfy `mem::align_of::<T>()`, then it is unsound to /// return a reference to the wrapped `T`, and `try_deref_mut` returns /// `None`. /// /// If `T: Unaligned`, then `Unalign<T>` implements [`DerefMut`], and /// callers may prefer [`DerefMut::deref_mut`], which is infallible. #[inline(always)] pubfn try_deref_mut(&mutself) -> Option<&mut T> { if !crate::util::aligned_to::<_, T>(&*self) { return None;
}
// SAFETY: `deref_mut_unchecked`'s safety requirement is that `self` is // aligned to `align_of::<T>()`, which we just checked. unsafe { Some(self.deref_mut_unchecked()) }
}
/// Returns a reference to the wrapped `T` without checking alignment. /// /// If `T: Unaligned`, then `Unalign<T>` implements[ `Deref`], and callers /// may prefer [`Deref::deref`], which is safe. /// /// # Safety /// /// If `self` does not satisfy `mem::align_of::<T>()`, then /// `self.deref_unchecked()` may cause undefined behavior. #[inline(always)] pubconstunsafefn deref_unchecked(&self) -> &T { // SAFETY: `Unalign<T>` is `repr(transparent)`, so there is a valid `T` // at the same memory location as `self`. It has no alignment guarantee, // but the caller has promised that `self` is properly aligned, so we // know that it is sound to create a reference to `T` at this memory // location. // // We use `mem::transmute` instead of `&*self.get_ptr()` because // dereferencing pointers is not stable in `const` on our current MSRV // (1.56 as of this writing). unsafe { mem::transmute(self) }
}
/// Returns a mutable reference to the wrapped `T` without checking /// alignment. /// /// If `T: Unaligned`, then `Unalign<T>` implements[ `DerefMut`], and /// callers may prefer [`DerefMut::deref_mut`], which is safe. /// /// # Safety /// /// If `self` does not satisfy `mem::align_of::<T>()`, then /// `self.deref_mut_unchecked()` may cause undefined behavior. #[inline(always)] pubunsafefn deref_mut_unchecked(&mutself) -> &mut T { // SAFETY: `self.get_mut_ptr()` returns a raw pointer to a valid `T` at // the same memory location as `self`. It has no alignment guarantee, // but the caller has promised that `self` is properly aligned, so we // know that the pointer itself is aligned, and thus that it is sound to // create a reference to a `T` at this memory location. unsafe { &mut *self.get_mut_ptr() }
}
/// Gets an unaligned raw pointer to the inner `T`. /// /// # Safety /// /// The returned raw pointer is not necessarily aligned to /// `align_of::<T>()`. Most functions which operate on raw pointers require /// those pointers to be aligned, so calling those functions with the result /// of `get_ptr` will be undefined behavior if alignment is not guaranteed /// using some out-of-band mechanism. In general, the only functions which /// are safe to call with this pointer are those which are explicitly /// documented as being sound to use with an unaligned pointer, such as /// [`read_unaligned`]. /// /// [`read_unaligned`]: core::ptr::read_unaligned #[inline(always)] pubconstfn get_ptr(&self) -> *const T {
ptr::addr_of!(self.0)
}
/// Gets an unaligned mutable raw pointer to the inner `T`. /// /// # Safety /// /// The returned raw pointer is not necessarily aligned to /// `align_of::<T>()`. Most functions which operate on raw pointers require /// those pointers to be aligned, so calling those functions with the result /// of `get_ptr` will be undefined behavior if alignment is not guaranteed /// using some out-of-band mechanism. In general, the only functions which /// are safe to call with this pointer are those which are explicitly /// documented as being sound to use with an unaligned pointer, such as /// [`read_unaligned`]. /// /// [`read_unaligned`]: core::ptr::read_unaligned // TODO(https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/57349): Make this `const`. #[inline(always)] pubfn get_mut_ptr(&mutself) -> *mut T {
ptr::addr_of_mut!(self.0)
}
/// Sets the inner `T`, dropping the previous value. // TODO(https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/57349): Make this `const`. #[inline(always)] pubfn set(&mutself, t: T) {
*self = Unalign::new(t);
}
/// Updates the inner `T` by calling a function on it. /// /// If [`T: Unaligned`], then `Unalign<T>` implements [`DerefMut`], and that /// impl should be preferred over this method when performing updates, as it /// will usually be faster and more ergonomic. /// /// For large types, this method may be expensive, as it requires copying /// `2 * size_of::<T>()` bytes. \[1\] /// /// \[1\] Since the inner `T` may not be aligned, it would not be sound to /// invoke `f` on it directly. Instead, `update` moves it into a /// properly-aligned location in the local stack frame, calls `f` on it, and /// then moves it back to its original location in `self`. /// /// [`T: Unaligned`]: Unaligned #[inline] pubfn update<O, F: FnOnce(&mut T) -> O>(&mutself, f: F) -> O { // On drop, this moves `copy` out of itself and uses `ptr::write` to // overwrite `slf`. struct WriteBackOnDrop<T> {
copy: ManuallyDrop<T>,
slf: *mut Unalign<T>,
}
impl<T> Drop for WriteBackOnDrop<T> { fn drop(&mutself) { // SAFETY: We never use `copy` again as required by // `ManuallyDrop::take`. let copy = unsafe { ManuallyDrop::take(&mutself.copy) }; // SAFETY: `slf` is the raw pointer value of `self`. We know it // is valid for writes and properly aligned because `self` is a // mutable reference, which guarantees both of these properties. unsafe { ptr::write(self.slf, Unalign::new(copy)) };
}
}
// SAFETY: We know that `self` is valid for reads, properly aligned, and // points to an initialized `Unalign<T>` because it is a mutable // reference, which guarantees all of these properties. // // Since `T: !Copy`, it would be unsound in the general case to allow // both the original `Unalign<T>` and the copy to be used by safe code. // We guarantee that the copy is used to overwrite the original in the // `Drop::drop` impl of `WriteBackOnDrop`. So long as this `drop` is // called before any other safe code executes, soundness is upheld. // While this method can terminate in two ways (by returning normally or // by unwinding due to a panic in `f`), in both cases, `write_back` is // dropped - and its `drop` called - before any other safe code can // execute. let copy = unsafe { ptr::read(self) }.into_inner(); letmut write_back = WriteBackOnDrop { copy: ManuallyDrop::new(copy), slf: self };
let ret = f(&mut write_back.copy);
drop(write_back);
ret
}
}
impl<T: Copy> Unalign<T> { /// Gets a copy of the inner `T`. // TODO(https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/57349): Make this `const`. #[inline(always)] pubfn get(&self) -> T { let Unalign(val) = *self;
val
}
}
impl<T: Unaligned> Deref for Unalign<T> { type Target = T;
#[inline(always)] fn deref(&self) -> &T { // SAFETY: `deref_unchecked`'s safety requirement is that `self` is // aligned to `align_of::<T>()`. `T: Unaligned` guarantees that // `align_of::<T>() == 1`, and all pointers are one-aligned because all // addresses are divisible by 1. unsafe { self.deref_unchecked() }
}
}
impl<T: Unaligned> DerefMut for Unalign<T> { #[inline(always)] fn deref_mut(&mutself) -> &mut T { // SAFETY: `deref_mut_unchecked`'s safety requirement is that `self` is // aligned to `align_of::<T>()`. `T: Unaligned` guarantees that // `align_of::<T>() == 1`, and all pointers are one-aligned because all // addresses are divisible by 1. unsafe { self.deref_mut_unchecked() }
}
}
#[cfg(test)] mod tests { use core::panic::AssertUnwindSafe;
usesuper::*; usecrate::util::testutil::*;
/// A `T` which is guaranteed not to satisfy `align_of::<A>()`. /// /// It must be the case that `align_of::<T>() < align_of::<A>()` in order /// fot this type to work properly. #[repr(C)] struct ForceUnalign<T, A> { // The outer struct is aligned to `A`, and, thanks to `repr(C)`, `t` is // placed at the minimum offset that guarantees its alignment. If // `align_of::<T>() < align_of::<A>()`, then that offset will be // guaranteed *not* to satisfy `align_of::<A>()`.
_u: u8,
t: T,
_a: [A; 0],
}
impl<T, A> ForceUnalign<T, A> { constfn new(t: T) -> ForceUnalign<T, A> {
ForceUnalign { _u: 0, t, _a: [] }
}
}
#[test] fn test_unalign() { // Test methods that don't depend on alignment. letmut u = Unalign::new(AU64(123));
assert_eq!(u.get(), AU64(123));
assert_eq!(u.into_inner(), AU64(123));
assert_eq!(u.get_ptr(), <*const _>::cast::<AU64>(&u));
assert_eq!(u.get_mut_ptr(), <*mut _>::cast::<AU64>(&mut u));
u.set(AU64(321));
assert_eq!(u.get(), AU64(321));
// Test methods that depend on alignment (when alignment is satisfied). letmut u: Align<_, AU64> = Align::new(Unalign::new(AU64(123)));
assert_eq!(u.t.try_deref(), Some(&AU64(123)));
assert_eq!(u.t.try_deref_mut(), Some(&mut AU64(123))); // SAFETY: The `Align<_, AU64>` guarantees proper alignment.
assert_eq!(unsafe { u.t.deref_unchecked() }, &AU64(123)); // SAFETY: The `Align<_, AU64>` guarantees proper alignment.
assert_eq!(unsafe { u.t.deref_mut_unchecked() }, &mut AU64(123));
*u.t.try_deref_mut().unwrap() = AU64(321);
assert_eq!(u.t.get(), AU64(321));
// Test methods that depend on alignment (when alignment is not // satisfied). letmut u: ForceUnalign<_, AU64> = ForceUnalign::new(Unalign::new(AU64(123)));
assert_eq!(u.t.try_deref(), None);
assert_eq!(u.t.try_deref_mut(), None);
// Test methods that depend on `T: Unaligned`. letmut u = Unalign::new(123u8);
assert_eq!(u.try_deref(), Some(&123));
assert_eq!(u.try_deref_mut(), Some(&mut123));
assert_eq!(u.deref(), &123);
assert_eq!(u.deref_mut(), &mut123);
*u = 21;
assert_eq!(u.get(), 21);
// Test that some `Unalign` functions and methods are `const`. const _UNALIGN: Unalign<u64> = Unalign::new(0); const _UNALIGN_PTR: *const u64 = _UNALIGN.get_ptr(); const _U64: u64 = _UNALIGN.into_inner(); // Make sure all code is considered "used". // // TODO(https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/104084): Remove this // attribute. #[allow(dead_code)] const _: () = { let x: Align<_, AU64> = Align::new(Unalign::new(AU64(123))); // Make sure that `deref_unchecked` is `const`. // // SAFETY: The `Align<_, AU64>` guarantees proper alignment. let au64 = unsafe { x.t.deref_unchecked() }; match au64 {
AU64(123) => {}
_ => unreachable!(),
}
};
}
// Test that, even if the callback panics, the original is still // correctly overwritten. Use a `Box` so that Miri is more likely to // catch any unsoundness (which would likely result in two `Box`es for // the same heap object, which is the sort of thing that Miri would // probably catch). letmut u = Unalign::new(Box::new(AU64(123))); let res = std::panic::catch_unwind(AssertUnwindSafe(|| {
u.update(|a| {
a.0 += 1;
panic!();
})
}));
assert!(res.is_err());
assert_eq!(u.into_inner(), Box::new(AU64(124)));
}
}
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