//! This crate implements various functions that help speed up dynamic //! programming, most importantly the SMAWK algorithm for finding row //! or column minima in a totally monotone matrix with *m* rows and //! *n* columns in time O(*m* + *n*). This is much better than the //! brute force solution which would take O(*mn*). When *m* and *n* //! are of the same order, this turns a quadratic function into a //! linear function. //! //! # Examples //! //! Computing the column minima of an *m* ✕ *n* Monge matrix can be //! done efficiently with `smawk::column_minima`: //! //! ``` //! use smawk::Matrix; //! //! let matrix = vec![ //! vec![3, 2, 4, 5, 6], //! vec![2, 1, 3, 3, 4], //! vec![2, 1, 3, 3, 4], //! vec![3, 2, 4, 3, 4], //! vec![4, 3, 2, 1, 1], //! ]; //! let minima = vec![1, 1, 4, 4, 4]; //! assert_eq!(smawk::column_minima(&matrix), minima); //! ``` //! //! The `minima` vector gives the index of the minimum value per //! column, so `minima[0] == 1` since the minimum value in the first //! column is 2 (row 1). Note that the smallest row index is returned. //! //! # Definitions //! //! Some of the functions in this crate only work on matrices that are //! *totally monotone*, which we will define below. //! //! ## Monotone Matrices //! //! We start with a helper definition. Given an *m* ✕ *n* matrix `M`, //! we say that `M` is *monotone* when the minimum value of row `i` is //! found to the left of the minimum value in row `i'` where `i < i'`. //! //! More formally, if we let `rm(i)` denote the column index of the //! left-most minimum value in row `i`, then we have //! //! ```text //! rm(0) ≤ rm(1) ≤ ... ≤ rm(m - 1) //! ``` //! //! This means that as you go down the rows from top to bottom, the //! row-minima proceed from left to right. //! //! The algorithms in this crate deal with finding such row- and //! column-minima. //! //! ## Totally Monotone Matrices //! //! We say that a matrix `M` is *totally monotone* when every //! sub-matrix is monotone. A sub-matrix is formed by the intersection //! of any two rows `i < i'` and any two columns `j < j'`. //! //! This is often expressed as via this equivalent condition: //! //! ```text //! M[i, j] > M[i, j'] => M[i', j] > M[i', j'] //! ``` //! //! for all `i < i'` and `j < j'`. //! //! ## Monge Property for Matrices //! //! A matrix `M` is said to fulfill the *Monge property* if //! //! ```text //! M[i, j] + M[i', j'] ≤ M[i, j'] + M[i', j] //! ``` //! //! for all `i < i'` and `j < j'`. This says that given any rectangle //! in the matrix, the sum of the top-left and bottom-right corners is //! less than or equal to the sum of the bottom-left and upper-right //! corners. //! //! All Monge matrices are totally monotone, so it is enough to //! establish that the Monge property holds in order to use a matrix //! with the functions in this crate. If your program is dealing with //! unknown inputs, it can use [`monge::is_monge`] to verify that a //! matrix is a Monge matrix.
#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/smawk/0.3.2")] // The s! macro from ndarray uses unsafe internally, so we can only // forbid unsafe code when building with the default features. #![cfg_attr(not(feature = "ndarray"), forbid(unsafe_code))]
/// Minimal matrix trait for two-dimensional arrays. /// /// This provides the functionality needed to represent a read-only /// numeric matrix. You can query the size of the matrix and access /// elements. Modeled after [`ndarray::Array2`] from the [ndarray /// crate](https://crates.io/crates/ndarray). /// /// Enable the `ndarray` Cargo feature if you want to use it with /// `ndarray::Array2`. pubtrait Matrix<T: Copy> { /// Return the number of rows. fn nrows(&self) -> usize; /// Return the number of columns. fn ncols(&self) -> usize; /// Return a matrix element. fn index(&self, row: usize, column: usize) -> T;
}
/// Simple and inefficient matrix representation used for doctest /// examples and simple unit tests. /// /// You should prefer implementing it yourself, or you can enable the /// `ndarray` Cargo feature and use the provided implementation for /// [`ndarray::Array2`]. impl<T: Copy> Matrix<T> for Vec<Vec<T>> { fn nrows(&self) -> usize { self.len()
} fn ncols(&self) -> usize { self[0].len()
} fn index(&self, row: usize, column: usize) -> T { self[row][column]
}
}
/// Adapting [`ndarray::Array2`] to the `Matrix` trait. /// /// **Note: this implementation is only available if you enable the /// `ndarray` Cargo feature.** #[cfg(feature = "ndarray")] impl<T: Copy> Matrix<T> for ndarray::Array2<T> { #[inline] fn nrows(&self) -> usize { self.nrows()
} #[inline] fn ncols(&self) -> usize { self.ncols()
} #[inline] fn index(&self, row: usize, column: usize) -> T { self[[row, column]]
}
}
/// Compute row minima in O(*m* + *n*) time. /// /// This implements the [SMAWK algorithm] for efficiently finding row /// minima in a totally monotone matrix. /// /// The SMAWK algorithm is from Agarwal, Klawe, Moran, Shor, and /// Wilbur, *Geometric applications of a matrix searching algorithm*, /// Algorithmica 2, pp. 195-208 (1987) and the code here is a /// translation [David Eppstein's Python code][pads]. /// /// Running time on an *m* ✕ *n* matrix: O(*m* + *n*). /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use smawk::Matrix; /// let matrix = vec![vec![4, 2, 4, 3], /// vec![5, 3, 5, 3], /// vec![5, 3, 3, 1]]; /// assert_eq!(smawk::row_minima(&matrix), /// vec![1, 1, 3]); /// ``` /// /// # Panics /// /// It is an error to call this on a matrix with zero columns. /// /// [pads]: https://github.com/jfinkels/PADS/blob/master/pads/smawk.py /// [SMAWK algorithm]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMAWK_algorithm pubfn row_minima<T: PartialOrd + Copy, M: Matrix<T>>(matrix: &M) -> Vec<usize> { // Benchmarking shows that SMAWK performs roughly the same on row- // and column-major matrices. letmut minima = vec![0; matrix.nrows()];
smawk_inner(
&|j, i| matrix.index(i, j),
&(0..matrix.ncols()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
&(0..matrix.nrows()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
&mut minima,
);
minima
}
/// Compute column minima in O(*m* + *n*) time. /// /// This implements the [SMAWK algorithm] for efficiently finding /// column minima in a totally monotone matrix. /// /// The SMAWK algorithm is from Agarwal, Klawe, Moran, Shor, and /// Wilbur, *Geometric applications of a matrix searching algorithm*, /// Algorithmica 2, pp. 195-208 (1987) and the code here is a /// translation [David Eppstein's Python code][pads]. /// /// Running time on an *m* ✕ *n* matrix: O(*m* + *n*). /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use smawk::Matrix; /// let matrix = vec![vec![4, 2, 4, 3], /// vec![5, 3, 5, 3], /// vec![5, 3, 3, 1]]; /// assert_eq!(smawk::column_minima(&matrix), /// vec![0, 0, 2, 2]); /// ``` /// /// # Panics /// /// It is an error to call this on a matrix with zero rows. /// /// [SMAWK algorithm]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMAWK_algorithm /// [pads]: https://github.com/jfinkels/PADS/blob/master/pads/smawk.py pubfn column_minima<T: PartialOrd + Copy, M: Matrix<T>>(matrix: &M) -> Vec<usize> { letmut minima = vec![0; matrix.ncols()];
smawk_inner(
&|i, j| matrix.index(i, j),
&(0..matrix.nrows()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
&(0..matrix.ncols()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
&mut minima,
);
minima
}
/// Compute column minima in the given area of the matrix. The /// `minima` slice is updated inplace. fn smawk_inner<T: PartialOrd + Copy, M: Fn(usize, usize) -> T>(
matrix: &M,
rows: &[usize],
cols: &[usize],
minima: &mut [usize],
) { if cols.is_empty() { return;
}
letmut stack = Vec::with_capacity(cols.len()); for r in rows { // TODO: use stack.last() instead of stack.is_empty() etc while !stack.is_empty()
&& matrix(stack[stack.len() - 1], cols[stack.len() - 1])
> matrix(*r, cols[stack.len() - 1])
{
stack.pop();
} if stack.len() != cols.len() {
stack.push(*r);
}
} let rows = &stack;
letmut odd_cols = Vec::with_capacity(1 + cols.len() / 2); for (idx, c) in cols.iter().enumerate() { if idx % 2 == 1 {
odd_cols.push(*c);
}
}
smawk_inner(matrix, rows, &odd_cols, minima);
letmut r = 0; for (c, &col) in cols.iter().enumerate().filter(|(c, _)| c % 2 == 0) { letmut row = rows[r]; let last_row = if c == cols.len() - 1 {
rows[rows.len() - 1]
} else {
minima[cols[c + 1]]
}; letmut pair = (matrix(row, col), row); while row != last_row {
r += 1;
row = rows[r]; if (matrix(row, col), row) < pair {
pair = (matrix(row, col), row);
}
}
minima[col] = pair.1;
}
}
/// Compute upper-right column minima in O(*m* + *n*) time. /// /// The input matrix must be totally monotone. /// /// The function returns a vector of `(usize, T)`. The `usize` in the /// tuple at index `j` tells you the row of the minimum value in /// column `j` and the `T` value is minimum value itself. /// /// The algorithm only considers values above the main diagonal, which /// means that it computes values `v(j)` where: /// /// ```text /// v(0) = initial /// v(j) = min { M[i, j] | i < j } for j > 0 /// ``` /// /// If we let `r(j)` denote the row index of the minimum value in /// column `j`, the tuples in the result vector become `(r(j), M[r(j), /// j])`. /// /// The algorithm is an *online* algorithm, in the sense that `matrix` /// function can refer back to previously computed column minima when /// determining an entry in the matrix. The guarantee is that we only /// call `matrix(i, j)` after having computed `v(i)`. This is /// reflected in the `&[(usize, T)]` argument to `matrix`, which grows /// as more and more values are computed. pubfn online_column_minima<T: Copy + PartialOrd, M: Fn(&[(usize, T)], usize, usize) -> T>(
initial: T,
size: usize,
matrix: M,
) -> Vec<(usize, T)> { letmut result = vec![(0, initial)];
// State used by the algorithm. letmut finished = 0; letmut base = 0; letmut tentative = 0;
// Shorthand for evaluating the matrix. We need a macro here since // we don't want to borrow the result vector.
macro_rules! m {
($i:expr, $j:expr) => {{
assert!($i < $j, "(i, j) not above diagonal: ({}, {})", $i, $j);
assert!(
$i < size && $j < size, "(i, j) out of bounds: ({}, {}), size: {}",
$i,
$j,
size
);
matrix(&result[..finished + 1], $i, $j)
}};
}
// Keep going until we have finished all size columns. Since the // columns are zero-indexed, we're done when finished == size - 1. while finished < size - 1 { // First case: we have already advanced past the previous // tentative value. We make a new tentative value by applying // smawk_inner to the largest square submatrix that fits under // the base. let i = finished + 1; if i > tentative { let rows = (base..finished + 1).collect::<Vec<_>>();
tentative = std::cmp::min(finished + rows.len(), size - 1); let cols = (finished + 1..tentative + 1).collect::<Vec<_>>(); letmut minima = vec![0; tentative + 1];
smawk_inner(&|i, j| m![i, j], &rows, &cols, &mut minima); for col in cols { let row = minima[col]; let v = m![row, col]; if col >= result.len() {
result.push((row, v));
} elseif v < result[col].1 {
result[col] = (row, v);
}
}
finished = i; continue;
}
// Second case: the new column minimum is on the diagonal. All // subsequent ones will be at least as low, so we can clear // out all our work from higher rows. As in the fourth case, // the loss of tentative is amortized against the increase in // base. let diag = m![i - 1, i]; if diag < result[i].1 {
result[i] = (i - 1, diag);
base = i - 1;
tentative = i;
finished = i; continue;
}
// Third case: row i-1 does not supply a column minimum in any // column up to tentative. We simply advance finished while // maintaining the invariant. if m![i - 1, tentative] >= result[tentative].1 {
finished = i; continue;
}
// Fourth and final case: a new column minimum at tentative. // This allows us to make progress by incorporating rows prior // to finished into the base. The base invariant holds because // these rows cannot supply any later column minima. The work // done when we last advanced tentative (and undone by this // step) can be amortized against the increase in base.
base = i - 1;
tentative = i;
finished = i;
}
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