// Copyright 2014 The Rust Project Developers. See the COPYRIGHT // file at the top-level directory of this distribution and at // http://rust-lang.org/COPYRIGHT. // // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 <LICENSE-APACHE or // http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license // <LICENSE-MIT or http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your // option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed // except according to those terms.
//! A UTF-8 encoded, growable string. //! //! This module contains the [`String`] type and several error types that may //! result from working with [`String`]s. //! //! This module is a fork of the [`std::string`] module, that uses a bump allocator. //! //! [`std::string`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/index.html //! //! # Examples //! //! You can create a new [`String`] from a string literal with [`String::from_str_in`]: //! //! ``` //! use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; //! //! let b = Bump::new(); //! //! let s = String::from_str_in("world", &b); //! ``` //! //! [`String`]: struct.String.html //! [`String::from_str_in`]: struct.String.html#method.from_str_in //! //! If you have a vector of valid UTF-8 bytes, you can make a [`String`] out of //! it. You can do the reverse too. //! //! ``` //! use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; //! //! let b = Bump::new(); //! //! let sparkle_heart = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 240, 159, 146, 150]; //! //! // We know these bytes are valid, so we'll use `unwrap()`. //! let sparkle_heart = String::from_utf8(sparkle_heart).unwrap(); //! //! assert_eq!("", sparkle_heart); //! //! let bytes = sparkle_heart.into_bytes(); //! //! assert_eq!(bytes, [240, 159, 146, 150]); //! ```
usecrate::collections::str::lossy; usecrate::collections::vec::Vec; usecrate::Bump; use core::borrow::{Borrow, BorrowMut}; use core::char::decode_utf16; use core::fmt; use core::hash; use core::iter::FusedIterator; use core::mem; use core::ops::Bound::{Excluded, Included, Unbounded}; use core::ops::{self, Add, AddAssign, Index, IndexMut, RangeBounds}; use core::ptr; use core::str::{self, Chars, Utf8Error}; use core_alloc::borrow::Cow;
/// Like the [`format!`] macro, but for creating [`bumpalo::collections::String`]s. /// /// [`format!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.format.html /// [`bumpalo::collections::String`]: collections/string/struct.String.html /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::Bump; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let who = "World"; /// let s = bumpalo::format!(in &b, "Hello, {}!", who); /// assert_eq!(s, "Hello, World!") /// ``` #[macro_export]
macro_rules! format {
( in $bump:expr, $fmt:expr, $($args:expr),* ) => {{ use $crate::core_alloc::fmt::Write; let bump = $bump; letmut s = $crate::collections::String::new_in(bump); let _ = write!(&mut s, $fmt, $($args),*);
s
}};
/// A UTF-8 encoded, growable string. /// /// The `String` type is the most common string type that has ownership over the /// contents of the string. It has a close relationship with its borrowed /// counterpart, the primitive [`str`]. /// /// [`str`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html /// /// # Examples /// /// You can create a `String` from a literal string with [`String::from_str_in`]: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let hello = String::from_str_in("Hello, world!", &b); /// ``` /// /// You can append a [`char`] to a `String` with the [`push`] method, and /// append a [`&str`] with the [`push_str`] method: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let mut hello = String::from_str_in("Hello, ", &b); /// /// hello.push('w'); /// hello.push_str("orld!"); /// ``` /// /// [`char`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.char.html /// [`push`]: #method.push /// [`push_str`]: #method.push_str /// /// If you have a vector of UTF-8 bytes, you can create a `String` from it with /// the [`from_utf8`] method: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// // some bytes, in a vector /// let sparkle_heart = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 240, 159, 146, 150]; /// /// // We know these bytes are valid, so we'll use `unwrap()`. /// let sparkle_heart = String::from_utf8(sparkle_heart).unwrap(); /// /// assert_eq!("", sparkle_heart); /// ``` /// /// [`from_utf8`]: #method.from_utf8 /// /// # Deref /// /// `String`s implement <code>[`Deref`]<Target = [`str`]></code>, and so inherit all of [`str`]'s /// methods. In addition, this means that you can pass a `String` to a /// function which takes a [`&str`] by using an ampersand (`&`): /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// fn takes_str(s: &str) { } /// /// let s = String::from_str_in("Hello", &b); /// /// takes_str(&s); /// ``` /// /// This will create a [`&str`] from the `String` and pass it in. This /// conversion is very inexpensive, and so generally, functions will accept /// [`&str`]s as arguments unless they need a `String` for some specific /// reason. /// /// In certain cases Rust doesn't have enough information to make this /// conversion, known as [`Deref`] coercion. In the following example a string /// slice [`&'a str`][`&str`] implements the trait `TraitExample`, and the function /// `example_func` takes anything that implements the trait. In this case Rust /// would need to make two implicit conversions, which Rust doesn't have the /// means to do. For that reason, the following example will not compile. /// /// ```compile_fail,E0277 /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// trait TraitExample {} /// /// impl<'a> TraitExample for &'a str {} /// /// fn example_func<A: TraitExample>(example_arg: A) {} /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// let example_string = String::from_str_in("example_string", &b); /// example_func(&example_string); /// ``` /// /// There are two options that would work instead. The first would be to /// change the line `example_func(&example_string);` to /// `example_func(example_string.as_str());`, using the method [`as_str()`] /// to explicitly extract the string slice containing the string. The second /// way changes `example_func(&example_string);` to /// `example_func(&*example_string);`. In this case we are dereferencing a /// `String` to a [`str`][`&str`], then referencing the [`str`][`&str`] back to /// [`&str`]. The second way is more idiomatic, however both work to do the /// conversion explicitly rather than relying on the implicit conversion. /// /// # Representation /// /// A `String` is made up of three components: a pointer to some bytes, a /// length, and a capacity. The pointer points to an internal buffer `String` /// uses to store its data. The length is the number of bytes currently stored /// in the buffer, and the capacity is the size of the buffer in bytes. As such, /// the length will always be less than or equal to the capacity. /// /// This buffer is always stored on the heap. /// /// You can look at these with the [`as_ptr`], [`len`], and [`capacity`] /// methods: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// use std::mem; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let mut story = String::from_str_in("Once upon a time...", &b); /// /// let ptr = story.as_mut_ptr(); /// let len = story.len(); /// let capacity = story.capacity(); /// /// // story has nineteen bytes /// assert_eq!(19, len); /// /// // Now that we have our parts, we throw the story away. /// mem::forget(story); /// /// // We can re-build a String out of ptr, len, and capacity. This is all /// // unsafe because we are responsible for making sure the components are /// // valid: /// let s = unsafe { String::from_raw_parts_in(ptr, len, capacity, &b) } ; /// /// assert_eq!(String::from_str_in("Once upon a time...", &b), s); /// ``` /// /// [`as_ptr`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html#method.as_ptr /// [`len`]: #method.len /// [`capacity`]: #method.capacity /// /// If a `String` has enough capacity, adding elements to it will not /// re-allocate. For example, consider this program: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let mut s = String::new_in(&b); /// /// println!("{}", s.capacity()); /// /// for _ in 0..5 { /// s.push_str("hello"); /// println!("{}", s.capacity()); /// } /// ``` /// /// This will output the following: /// /// ```text /// 0 /// 5 /// 10 /// 20 /// 20 /// 40 /// ``` /// /// At first, we have no memory allocated at all, but as we append to the /// string, it increases its capacity appropriately. If we instead use the /// [`with_capacity_in`] method to allocate the correct capacity initially: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let mut s = String::with_capacity_in(25, &b); /// /// println!("{}", s.capacity()); /// /// for _ in 0..5 { /// s.push_str("hello"); /// println!("{}", s.capacity()); /// } /// ``` /// /// [`with_capacity_in`]: #method.with_capacity_in /// /// We end up with a different output: /// /// ```text /// 25 /// 25 /// 25 /// 25 /// 25 /// 25 /// ``` /// /// Here, there's no need to allocate more memory inside the loop. /// /// [`&str`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html /// [`Deref`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Deref.html /// [`as_str()`]: struct.String.html#method.as_str #[derive(PartialOrd, Eq, Ord)] pubstruct String<'bump> {
vec: Vec<'bump, u8>,
}
/// A possible error value when converting a `String` from a UTF-8 byte vector. /// /// This type is the error type for the [`from_utf8`] method on [`String`]. It /// is designed in such a way to carefully avoid reallocations: the /// [`into_bytes`] method will give back the byte vector that was used in the /// conversion attempt. /// /// [`from_utf8`]: struct.String.html#method.from_utf8 /// [`String`]: struct.String.html /// [`into_bytes`]: struct.FromUtf8Error.html#method.into_bytes /// /// The [`Utf8Error`] type provided by [`std::str`] represents an error that may /// occur when converting a slice of [`u8`]s to a [`&str`]. In this sense, it's /// an analogue to `FromUtf8Error`, and you can get one from a `FromUtf8Error` /// through the [`utf8_error`] method. /// /// [`Utf8Error`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/struct.Utf8Error.html /// [`std::str`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/index.html /// [`u8`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.u8.html /// [`&str`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html /// [`utf8_error`]: #method.utf8_error /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// // some invalid bytes, in a vector /// let bytes = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 0, 159]; /// /// let value = String::from_utf8(bytes); /// /// assert!(value.is_err()); /// assert_eq!(bumpalo::vec![in &b; 0, 159], value.unwrap_err().into_bytes()); /// ``` #[derive(Debug)] pubstruct FromUtf8Error<'bump> {
bytes: Vec<'bump, u8>,
error: Utf8Error,
}
/// A possible error value when converting a `String` from a UTF-16 byte slice. /// /// This type is the error type for the [`from_utf16_in`] method on [`String`]. /// /// [`from_utf16_in`]: struct.String.html#method.from_utf16_in /// [`String`]: struct.String.html /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// // mu<invalid>ic /// let v = &[0xD834, 0xDD1E, 0x006d, 0x0075, 0xD800, 0x0069, 0x0063]; /// /// assert!(String::from_utf16_in(v, &b).is_err()); /// ``` #[derive(Debug)] pubstruct FromUtf16Error(());
impl<'bump> String<'bump> { /// Creates a new empty `String`. /// /// Given that the `String` is empty, this will not allocate any initial /// buffer. While that means that this initial operation is very /// inexpensive, it may cause excessive allocation later when you add /// data. If you have an idea of how much data the `String` will hold, /// consider the [`with_capacity_in`] method to prevent excessive /// re-allocation. /// /// [`with_capacity_in`]: #method.with_capacity_in /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let s = String::new_in(&b); /// ``` #[inline] pubfn new_in(bump: &'bump Bump) -> String<'bump> {
String {
vec: Vec::new_in(bump),
}
}
/// Creates a new empty `String` with a particular capacity. /// /// `String`s have an internal buffer to hold their data. The capacity is /// the length of that buffer, and can be queried with the [`capacity`] /// method. This method creates an empty `String`, but one with an initial /// buffer that can hold `capacity` bytes. This is useful when you may be /// appending a bunch of data to the `String`, reducing the number of /// reallocations it needs to do. /// /// [`capacity`]: #method.capacity /// /// If the given capacity is `0`, no allocation will occur, and this method /// is identical to the [`new_in`] method. /// /// [`new_in`]: #method.new /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let mut s = String::with_capacity_in(10, &b); /// /// // The String contains no chars, even though it has capacity for more /// assert_eq!(s.len(), 0); /// /// // These are all done without reallocating... /// let cap = s.capacity(); /// for _ in 0..10 { /// s.push('a'); /// } /// /// assert_eq!(s.capacity(), cap); /// /// // ...but this may make the vector reallocate /// s.push('a'); /// ``` #[inline] pubfn with_capacity_in(capacity: usize, bump: &'bump Bump) -> String<'bump> {
String {
vec: Vec::with_capacity_in(capacity, bump),
}
}
/// Converts a vector of bytes to a `String`. /// /// A string (`String`) is made of bytes ([`u8`]), and a vector of bytes /// ([`Vec<u8>`]) is made of bytes, so this function converts between the /// two. Not all byte slices are valid `String`s, however: `String` /// requires that it is valid UTF-8. `from_utf8()` checks to ensure that /// the bytes are valid UTF-8, and then does the conversion. /// /// If you are sure that the byte slice is valid UTF-8, and you don't want /// to incur the overhead of the validity check, there is an unsafe version /// of this function, [`from_utf8_unchecked`], which has the same behavior /// but skips the check. /// /// This method will take care to not copy the vector, for efficiency's /// sake. /// /// If you need a [`&str`] instead of a `String`, consider /// [`str::from_utf8`]. /// /// The inverse of this method is [`into_bytes`]. /// /// # Errors /// /// Returns [`Err`] if the slice is not UTF-8 with a description as to why the /// provided bytes are not UTF-8. The vector you moved in is also included. /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// // some bytes, in a vector /// let sparkle_heart = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 240, 159, 146, 150]; /// /// // We know these bytes are valid, so we'll use `unwrap()`. /// let sparkle_heart = String::from_utf8(sparkle_heart).unwrap(); /// /// assert_eq!("", sparkle_heart); /// ``` /// /// Incorrect bytes: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// // some invalid bytes, in a vector /// let sparkle_heart = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 0, 159, 146, 150]; /// /// assert!(String::from_utf8(sparkle_heart).is_err()); /// ``` /// /// See the docs for [`FromUtf8Error`] for more details on what you can do /// with this error. /// /// [`from_utf8_unchecked`]: struct.String.html#method.from_utf8_unchecked /// [`&str`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html /// [`u8`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.u8.html /// [`Vec<u8>`]: ../vec/struct.Vec.html /// [`str::from_utf8`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/fn.from_utf8.html /// [`into_bytes`]: struct.String.html#method.into_bytes /// [`FromUtf8Error`]: struct.FromUtf8Error.html /// [`Err`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html#variant.Err #[inline] pubfn from_utf8(vec: Vec<'bump, u8>) -> Result<String<'bump>, FromUtf8Error<'bump>> { match str::from_utf8(&vec) {
Ok(..) => Ok(String { vec }),
Err(e) => Err(FromUtf8Error {
bytes: vec,
error: e,
}),
}
}
/// Converts a slice of bytes to a string, including invalid characters. /// /// Strings are made of bytes ([`u8`]), and a slice of bytes /// ([`&[u8]`][slice]) is made of bytes, so this function converts /// between the two. Not all byte slices are valid strings, however: strings /// are required to be valid UTF-8. During this conversion, /// `from_utf8_lossy_in()` will replace any invalid UTF-8 sequences with /// [`U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER`][U+FFFD], which looks like this: � /// /// [`u8`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.u8.html /// [slice]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.slice.html /// [U+FFFD]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/char/constant.REPLACEMENT_CHARACTER.html /// /// If you are sure that the byte slice is valid UTF-8, and you don't want /// to incur the overhead of the conversion, there is an unsafe version /// of this function, [`from_utf8_unchecked`], which has the same behavior /// but skips the checks. /// /// [`from_utf8_unchecked`]: struct.String.html#method.from_utf8_unchecked /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{collections::String, Bump, vec}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// // some bytes, in a vector /// let sparkle_heart = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 240, 159, 146, 150]; /// /// let sparkle_heart = String::from_utf8_lossy_in(&sparkle_heart, &b); /// /// assert_eq!("", sparkle_heart); /// ``` /// /// Incorrect bytes: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{collections::String, Bump, vec}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// // some invalid bytes /// let input = b"Hello \xF0\x90\x80World"; /// let output = String::from_utf8_lossy_in(input, &b); /// /// assert_eq!("Hello �World", output); /// ``` pubfn from_utf8_lossy_in(v: &[u8], bump: &'bump Bump) -> String<'bump> { letmut iter = lossy::Utf8Lossy::from_bytes(v).chunks();
letmut res = String::with_capacity_in(v.len(), bump);
res.push_str(first_valid); if !first_broken.is_empty() {
res.push_str(REPLACEMENT);
}
for lossy::Utf8LossyChunk { valid, broken } in iter {
res.push_str(valid); if !broken.is_empty() {
res.push_str(REPLACEMENT);
}
}
res
}
/// Decode a UTF-16 encoded slice `v` into a `String`, returning [`Err`] /// if `v` contains any invalid data. /// /// [`Err`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/enum.Result.html#variant.Err /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// // music /// let v = &[0xD834, 0xDD1E, 0x006d, 0x0075, 0x0073, 0x0069, 0x0063]; /// assert_eq!(String::from_str_in("music", &b), String::from_utf16_in(v, &b).unwrap()); /// /// // mu<invalid>ic /// let v = &[0xD834, 0xDD1E, 0x006d, 0x0075, 0xD800, 0x0069, 0x0063]; /// assert!(String::from_utf16_in(v, &b).is_err()); /// ``` pubfn from_utf16_in(v: &[u16], bump: &'bump Bump) -> Result<String<'bump>, FromUtf16Error> { letmut ret = String::with_capacity_in(v.len(), bump); for c in decode_utf16(v.iter().cloned()) { iflet Ok(c) = c {
ret.push(c);
} else { return Err(FromUtf16Error(()));
}
}
Ok(ret)
}
/// Construct a new `String<'bump>` from a string slice. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let s = String::from_str_in("hello", &b); /// assert_eq!(s, "hello"); /// ``` pubfn from_str_in(s: &str, bump: &'bump Bump) -> String<'bump> { let len = s.len(); letmut t = String::with_capacity_in(len, bump); // SAFETY: // * `src` is valid for reads of `s.len()` bytes by virtue of being an allocated `&str`. // * `dst` is valid for writes of `s.len()` bytes as `String::with_capacity_in(s.len(), bump)` // above guarantees that. // * Alignment is not relevant as `u8` has no alignment requirements. // * Source and destination ranges cannot overlap as we just reserved the destination // range from the bump. unsafe { ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(s.as_ptr(), t.vec.as_mut_ptr(), len) }; // SAFETY: We reserved sufficent capacity for the string above. // The elements at `0..len` were initialized by `copy_nonoverlapping` above. unsafe { t.vec.set_len(len) };
t
}
/// Construct a new `String<'bump>` from an iterator of `char`s. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let s = String::from_iter_in(['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'].iter().cloned(), &b); /// assert_eq!(s, "hello"); /// ``` pubfn from_iter_in<I: IntoIterator<Item = char>>(iter: I, bump: &'bump Bump) -> String<'bump> { letmut s = String::new_in(bump); for c in iter {
s.push(c);
}
s
}
/// Creates a new `String` from a length, capacity, and pointer. /// /// # Safety /// /// This is highly unsafe, due to the number of invariants that aren't /// checked: /// /// * The memory at `ptr` needs to have been previously allocated by the /// same allocator the standard library uses. /// * `length` needs to be less than or equal to `capacity`. /// * `capacity` needs to be the correct value. /// /// Violating these may cause problems like corrupting the allocator's /// internal data structures. /// /// The ownership of `ptr` is effectively transferred to the /// `String` which may then deallocate, reallocate or change the /// contents of memory pointed to by the pointer at will. Ensure /// that nothing else uses the pointer after calling this /// function. /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// use std::mem; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// unsafe { /// let mut s = String::from_str_in("hello", &b); /// let ptr = s.as_mut_ptr(); /// let len = s.len(); /// let capacity = s.capacity(); /// /// mem::forget(s); /// /// let s = String::from_raw_parts_in(ptr, len, capacity, &b); /// /// assert_eq!(s, "hello"); /// } /// ``` #[inline] pubunsafefn from_raw_parts_in(
buf: *mut u8,
length: usize,
capacity: usize,
bump: &'bump Bump,
) -> String<'bump> {
String {
vec: Vec::from_raw_parts_in(buf, length, capacity, bump),
}
}
/// Converts a vector of bytes to a `String` without checking that the /// string contains valid UTF-8. /// /// See the safe version, [`from_utf8`], for more details. /// /// [`from_utf8`]: struct.String.html#method.from_utf8 /// /// # Safety /// /// This function is unsafe because it does not check that the bytes passed /// to it are valid UTF-8. If this constraint is violated, it may cause /// memory unsafety issues with future users of the `String`, /// as it is assumed that `String`s are valid UTF-8. /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// // some bytes, in a vector /// let sparkle_heart = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 240, 159, 146, 150]; /// /// let sparkle_heart = unsafe { /// String::from_utf8_unchecked(sparkle_heart) /// }; /// /// assert_eq!("", sparkle_heart); /// ``` #[inline] pubunsafefn from_utf8_unchecked(bytes: Vec<'bump, u8>) -> String<'bump> {
String { vec: bytes }
}
/// Returns a shared reference to the allocator backing this `String`. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// // uses the same allocator as the provided `String` /// fn copy_string<'bump>(s: &String<'bump>) -> &'bump str { /// s.bump().alloc_str(s.as_str()) /// } /// ``` #[inline] #[must_use] pubfn bump(&self) -> &'bump Bump { self.vec.bump()
}
/// Converts a `String` into a byte vector. /// /// This consumes the `String`, so we do not need to copy its contents. /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let s = String::from_str_in("hello", &b); /// /// assert_eq!(s.into_bytes(), [104, 101, 108, 108, 111]); /// ``` #[inline] pubfn into_bytes(self) -> Vec<'bump, u8> { self.vec
}
/// Convert this `String<'bump>` into a `&'bump str`. This is analogous to /// [`std::string::String::into_boxed_str`][into_boxed_str]. /// /// [into_boxed_str]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html#method.into_boxed_str /// /// # Example /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let s = String::from_str_in("foo", &b); /// /// assert_eq!(s.into_bump_str(), "foo"); /// ``` pubfn into_bump_str(self) -> &'bump str { let s = unsafe { let s = self.as_str();
mem::transmute(s)
};
mem::forget(self);
s
}
/// Extracts a string slice containing the entire `String`. /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let s = String::from_str_in("foo", &b); /// /// assert_eq!("foo", s.as_str()); /// ``` #[inline] pubfn as_str(&self) -> &str { self
}
/// Converts a `String` into a mutable string slice. /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let mut s = String::from_str_in("foobar", &b); /// let s_mut_str = s.as_mut_str(); /// /// s_mut_str.make_ascii_uppercase(); /// /// assert_eq!("FOOBAR", s_mut_str); /// ``` #[inline] pubfn as_mut_str(&mutself) -> &mut str { self
}
/// Appends a given string slice onto the end of this `String`. /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let mut s = String::from_str_in("foo", &b); /// /// s.push_str("bar"); /// /// assert_eq!("foobar", s); /// ``` #[inline] pubfn push_str(&mutself, string: &str) { self.vec.extend_from_slice_copy(string.as_bytes())
}
/// Returns this `String`'s capacity, in bytes. /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let s = String::with_capacity_in(10, &b); /// /// assert!(s.capacity() >= 10); /// ``` #[inline] pubfn capacity(&self) -> usize { self.vec.capacity()
}
/// Ensures that this `String`'s capacity is at least `additional` bytes /// larger than its length. /// /// The capacity may be increased by more than `additional` bytes if it /// chooses, to prevent frequent reallocations. /// /// If you do not want this "at least" behavior, see the [`reserve_exact`] /// method. /// /// # Panics /// /// Panics if the new capacity overflows [`usize`]. /// /// [`reserve_exact`]: struct.String.html#method.reserve_exact /// [`usize`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.usize.html /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let mut s = String::new_in(&b); /// /// s.reserve(10); /// /// assert!(s.capacity() >= 10); /// ``` /// /// This may not actually increase the capacity: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let mut s = String::with_capacity_in(10, &b); /// s.push('a'); /// s.push('b'); /// /// // s now has a length of 2 and a capacity of 10 /// assert_eq!(2, s.len()); /// assert_eq!(10, s.capacity()); /// /// // Since we already have an extra 8 capacity, calling this... /// s.reserve(8); /// /// // ... doesn't actually increase. /// assert_eq!(10, s.capacity()); /// ``` #[inline] pubfn reserve(&mutself, additional: usize) { self.vec.reserve(additional)
}
/// Ensures that this `String`'s capacity is `additional` bytes /// larger than its length. /// /// Consider using the [`reserve`] method unless you absolutely know /// better than the allocator. /// /// [`reserve`]: #method.reserve /// /// # Panics /// /// Panics if the new capacity overflows `usize`. /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let mut s = String::new_in(&b); /// /// s.reserve_exact(10); /// /// assert!(s.capacity() >= 10); /// ``` /// /// This may not actually increase the capacity: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let mut s = String::with_capacity_in(10, &b); /// s.push('a'); /// s.push('b'); /// /// // s now has a length of 2 and a capacity of 10 /// assert_eq!(2, s.len()); /// assert_eq!(10, s.capacity()); /// /// // Since we already have an extra 8 capacity, calling this... /// s.reserve_exact(8); /// /// // ... doesn't actually increase. /// assert_eq!(10, s.capacity()); /// ``` #[inline] pubfn reserve_exact(&mutself, additional: usize) { self.vec.reserve_exact(additional)
}
/// Shrinks the capacity of this `String` to match its length. /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let mut s = String::from_str_in("foo", &b); /// /// s.reserve(100); /// assert!(s.capacity() >= 100); /// /// s.shrink_to_fit(); /// assert_eq!(3, s.capacity()); /// ``` #[inline] pubfn shrink_to_fit(&mutself) { self.vec.shrink_to_fit()
}
/// Appends the given [`char`] to the end of this `String`. /// /// [`char`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.char.html /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let mut s = String::from_str_in("abc", &b); /// /// s.push('1'); /// s.push('2'); /// s.push('3'); /// /// assert_eq!("abc123", s); /// ``` #[inline] pubfn push(&mutself, ch: char) { match ch.len_utf8() { 1 => self.vec.push(ch as u8),
_ => self
.vec
.extend_from_slice(ch.encode_utf8(&mut [0; 4]).as_bytes()),
}
}
/// Returns a byte slice of this `String`'s contents. /// /// The inverse of this method is [`from_utf8`]. /// /// [`from_utf8`]: #method.from_utf8 /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let s = String::from_str_in("hello", &b); /// /// assert_eq!(&[104, 101, 108, 108, 111], s.as_bytes()); /// ``` #[inline] pubfn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
&self.vec
}
/// Shortens this `String` to the specified length. /// /// If `new_len` is greater than the string's current length, this has no /// effect. /// /// Note that this method has no effect on the allocated capacity /// of the string. /// /// # Panics /// /// Panics if `new_len` does not lie on a [`char`] boundary. /// /// [`char`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.char.html /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let mut s = String::from_str_in("hello", &b); /// /// s.truncate(2); /// /// assert_eq!("he", s); /// ``` #[inline] pubfn truncate(&mutself, new_len: usize) { if new_len <= self.len() {
assert!(self.is_char_boundary(new_len)); self.vec.truncate(new_len)
}
}
/// Removes the last character from the string buffer and returns it. /// /// Returns [`None`] if this `String` is empty. /// /// [`None`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/option/enum.Option.html#variant.None /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let mut s = String::from_str_in("foo", &b); /// /// assert_eq!(s.pop(), Some('o')); /// assert_eq!(s.pop(), Some('o')); /// assert_eq!(s.pop(), Some('f')); /// /// assert_eq!(s.pop(), None); /// ``` #[inline] pubfn pop(&mutself) -> Option<char> { let ch = self.chars().rev().next()?; let newlen = self.len() - ch.len_utf8(); unsafe { self.vec.set_len(newlen);
}
Some(ch)
}
/// Removes a [`char`] from this `String` at a byte position and returns it. /// /// This is an `O(n)` operation, as it requires copying every element in the /// buffer. /// /// # Panics /// /// Panics if `idx` is larger than or equal to the `String`'s length, /// or if it does not lie on a [`char`] boundary. /// /// [`char`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.char.html /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let mut s = String::from_str_in("foo", &b); /// /// assert_eq!(s.remove(0), 'f'); /// assert_eq!(s.remove(1), 'o'); /// assert_eq!(s.remove(0), 'o'); /// ``` #[inline] pubfn remove(&mutself, idx: usize) -> char { let ch = matchself[idx..].chars().next() {
Some(ch) => ch,
None => panic!("cannot remove a char from the end of a string"),
};
let next = idx + ch.len_utf8(); let len = self.len(); unsafe {
ptr::copy( self.vec.as_ptr().add(next), self.vec.as_mut_ptr().add(idx),
len - next,
); self.vec.set_len(len - (next - idx));
}
ch
}
/// Retains only the characters specified by the predicate. /// /// In other words, remove all characters `c` such that `f(c)` returns `false`. /// This method operates in place and preserves the order of the retained /// characters. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let mut s = String::from_str_in("f_o_ob_ar", &b); /// /// s.retain(|c| c != '_'); /// /// assert_eq!(s, "foobar"); /// ``` #[inline] pubfn retain<F>(&mutself, mut f: F) where
F: FnMut(char) -> bool,
{ let len = self.len(); letmut del_bytes = 0; letmut idx = 0;
while idx < len { let ch = unsafe { self.get_unchecked(idx..len).chars().next().unwrap() }; let ch_len = ch.len_utf8();
/// Inserts a character into this `String` at a byte position. /// /// This is an `O(n)` operation as it requires copying every element in the /// buffer. /// /// # Panics /// /// Panics if `idx` is larger than the `String`'s length, or if it does not /// lie on a [`char`] boundary. /// /// [`char`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.char.html /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let mut s = String::with_capacity_in(3, &b); /// /// s.insert(0, 'f'); /// s.insert(1, 'o'); /// s.insert(2, 'o'); /// /// assert_eq!("foo", s); /// ``` #[inline] pubfn insert(&mutself, idx: usize, ch: char) {
assert!(self.is_char_boundary(idx)); letmut bits = [0; 4]; let bits = ch.encode_utf8(&mut bits).as_bytes();
unsafe { self.insert_bytes(idx, bits);
}
}
unsafefn insert_bytes(&mutself, idx: usize, bytes: &[u8]) { let len = self.len(); let amt = bytes.len(); self.vec.reserve(amt);
/// Inserts a string slice into this `String` at a byte position. /// /// This is an `O(n)` operation as it requires copying every element in the /// buffer. /// /// # Panics /// /// Panics if `idx` is larger than the `String`'s length, or if it does not /// lie on a [`char`] boundary. /// /// [`char`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.char.html /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let mut s = String::from_str_in("bar", &b); /// /// s.insert_str(0, "foo"); /// /// assert_eq!("foobar", s); /// ``` #[inline] pubfn insert_str(&mutself, idx: usize, string: &str) {
assert!(self.is_char_boundary(idx));
/// Returns a mutable reference to the contents of this `String`. /// /// # Safety /// /// This function is unsafe because the returned `&mut Vec` allows writing /// bytes which are not valid UTF-8. If this constraint is violated, using /// the original `String` after dropping the `&mut Vec` may violate memory /// safety, as it is assumed that `String`s are valid UTF-8. /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let mut s = String::from_str_in("hello", &b); /// /// unsafe { /// let vec = s.as_mut_vec(); /// assert_eq!(vec, &[104, 101, 108, 108, 111]); /// /// vec.reverse(); /// } /// assert_eq!(s, "olleh"); /// ``` #[inline] pubunsafefn as_mut_vec(&mutself) -> &mutVec<'bump, u8> {
&mutself.vec
}
/// Returns the length of this `String`, in bytes. /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let a = String::from_str_in("foo", &b); /// /// assert_eq!(a.len(), 3); /// ``` #[inline] pubfn len(&self) -> usize { self.vec.len()
}
/// Returns `true` if this `String` has a length of zero. /// /// Returns `false` otherwise. /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let mut v = String::new_in(&b); /// assert!(v.is_empty()); /// /// v.push('a'); /// assert!(!v.is_empty()); /// ``` #[inline] pubfn is_empty(&self) -> bool { self.len() == 0
}
/// Splits the string into two at the given index. /// /// Returns a newly allocated `String`. `self` contains bytes `[0, at)`, and /// the returned `String` contains bytes `[at, len)`. `at` must be on the /// boundary of a UTF-8 code point. /// /// Note that the capacity of `self` does not change. /// /// # Panics /// /// Panics if `at` is not on a UTF-8 code point boundary, or if it is beyond the last /// code point of the string. /// /// # Examples /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let mut hello = String::from_str_in("Hello, World!", &b); /// let world = hello.split_off(7); /// assert_eq!(hello, "Hello, "); /// assert_eq!(world, "World!"); /// ``` #[inline] pubfn split_off(&mutself, at: usize) -> String<'bump> {
assert!(self.is_char_boundary(at)); let other = self.vec.split_off(at); unsafe { String::from_utf8_unchecked(other) }
}
/// Truncates this `String`, removing all contents. /// /// While this means the `String` will have a length of zero, it does not /// touch its capacity. /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let mut s = String::from_str_in("foo", &b); /// /// s.clear(); /// /// assert!(s.is_empty()); /// assert_eq!(0, s.len()); /// assert_eq!(3, s.capacity()); /// ``` #[inline] pubfn clear(&mutself) { self.vec.clear()
}
/// Creates a draining iterator that removes the specified range in the `String` /// and yields the removed `chars`. /// /// Note: The element range is removed even if the iterator is not /// consumed until the end. /// /// # Panics /// /// Panics if the starting point or end point do not lie on a [`char`] /// boundary, or if they're out of bounds. /// /// [`char`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.char.html /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let mut s = String::from_str_in("α is alpha, β is beta", &b); /// let beta_offset = s.find('β').unwrap_or(s.len()); /// /// // Remove the range up until the β from the string /// let t = String::from_iter_in(s.drain(..beta_offset), &b); /// assert_eq!(t, "α is alpha, "); /// assert_eq!(s, "β is beta"); /// /// // A full range clears the string /// drop(s.drain(..)); /// assert_eq!(s, ""); /// ``` pubfn drain<'a, R>(&'a mutself, range: R) -> Drain<'a, 'bump> where
R: RangeBounds<usize>,
{ // Memory safety // // The String version of Drain does not have the memory safety issues // of the vector version. The data is just plain bytes. // Because the range removal happens in Drop, if the Drain iterator is leaked, // the removal will not happen. let len = self.len(); let start = match range.start_bound() {
Included(&n) => n,
Excluded(&n) => n + 1,
Unbounded => 0,
}; let end = match range.end_bound() {
Included(&n) => n + 1,
Excluded(&n) => n,
Unbounded => len,
};
// Take out two simultaneous borrows. The &mut String won't be accessed // until iteration is over, in Drop. let self_ptr = selfas *mut _; // slicing does the appropriate bounds checks let chars_iter = self[start..end].chars();
/// Removes the specified range in the string, /// and replaces it with the given string. /// The given string doesn't need to be the same length as the range. /// /// # Panics /// /// Panics if the starting point or end point do not lie on a [`char`] /// boundary, or if they're out of bounds. /// /// [`char`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.char.html /// [`Vec::splice`]: ../vec/struct.Vec.html#method.splice /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// let mut s = String::from_str_in("α is alpha, β is beta", &b); /// let beta_offset = s.find('β').unwrap_or(s.len()); /// /// // Replace the range up until the β from the string /// s.replace_range(..beta_offset, "Α is capital alpha; "); /// assert_eq!(s, "Α is capital alpha; β is beta"); /// ``` pubfn replace_range<R>(&mutself, range: R, replace_with: &str) where
R: RangeBounds<usize>,
{ // Memory safety // // Replace_range does not have the memory safety issues of a vector Splice. // of the vector version. The data is just plain bytes.
impl<'bump> FromUtf8Error<'bump> { /// Returns a slice of bytes that were attempted to convert to a `String`. /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// // some invalid bytes, in a vector /// let bytes = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 0, 159]; /// /// let value = String::from_utf8(bytes); /// /// assert_eq!(&[0, 159], value.unwrap_err().as_bytes()); /// ``` pubfn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {
&self.bytes[..]
}
/// Returns the bytes that were attempted to convert to a `String`. /// /// This method is carefully constructed to avoid allocation. It will /// consume the error, moving out the bytes, so that a copy of the bytes /// does not need to be made. /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// // some invalid bytes, in a vector /// let bytes = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 0, 159]; /// /// let value = String::from_utf8(bytes); /// /// assert_eq!(bumpalo::vec![in &b; 0, 159], value.unwrap_err().into_bytes()); /// ``` pubfn into_bytes(self) -> Vec<'bump, u8> { self.bytes
}
/// Fetch a `Utf8Error` to get more details about the conversion failure. /// /// The [`Utf8Error`] type provided by [`std::str`] represents an error that may /// occur when converting a slice of [`u8`]s to a [`&str`]. In this sense, it's /// an analogue to `FromUtf8Error`. See its documentation for more details /// on using it. /// /// [`Utf8Error`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/struct.Utf8Error.html /// [`std::str`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/index.html /// [`u8`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.u8.html /// [`&str`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html /// /// # Examples /// /// Basic usage: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let b = Bump::new(); /// /// // some invalid bytes, in a vector /// let bytes = bumpalo::vec![in &b; 0, 159]; /// /// let error = String::from_utf8(bytes).unwrap_err().utf8_error(); /// /// // the first byte is invalid here /// assert_eq!(1, error.valid_up_to()); /// ``` pubfn utf8_error(&self) -> Utf8Error { self.error
}
}
impl<'a, 'bump> Extend<&'a str> for String<'bump> { fn extend<I: IntoIterator<Item = &'a str>>(&mut self, iter: I) { for s in iter { self.push_str(s)
}
}
}
impl<'bump> Extend<String<'bump>> for String<'bump> { fn extend<I: IntoIterator<Item = String<'bump>>>(&mut self, iter: I) { for s in iter { self.push_str(&s)
}
}
}
impl<'bump> Extend<core_alloc::string::String> for String<'bump> { fn extend<I: IntoIterator<Item = core_alloc::string::String>>(&mutself, iter: I) { for s in iter { self.push_str(&s)
}
}
}
impl<'a, 'bump> Extend<Cow<'a, str>> for String<'bump> { fn extend<I: IntoIterator<Item = Cow<'a, str>>>(&mut self, iter: I) { for s in iter { self.push_str(&s)
}
}
}
/// Implements the `+` operator for concatenating two strings. /// /// This consumes the `String<'bump>` on the left-hand side and re-uses its buffer (growing it if /// necessary). This is done to avoid allocating a new `String<'bump>` and copying the entire contents on /// every operation, which would lead to `O(n^2)` running time when building an `n`-byte string by /// repeated concatenation. /// /// The string on the right-hand side is only borrowed; its contents are copied into the returned /// `String<'bump>`. /// /// # Examples /// /// Concatenating two `String<'bump>`s takes the first by value and borrows the second: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let bump = Bump::new(); /// /// let a = String::from_str_in("hello", &bump); /// let b = String::from_str_in(" world", &bump); /// let c = a + &b; /// // `a` is moved and can no longer be used here. /// ``` /// /// If you want to keep using the first `String`, you can clone it and append to the clone instead: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let bump = Bump::new(); /// /// let a = String::from_str_in("hello", &bump); /// let b = String::from_str_in(" world", &bump); /// let c = a.clone() + &b; /// // `a` is still valid here. /// ``` /// /// Concatenating `&str` slices can be done by converting the first to a `String`: /// /// ``` /// use bumpalo::{Bump, collections::String}; /// /// let bump = Bump::new(); /// /// let a = "hello"; /// let b = " world"; /// let c = String::from_str_in(a, &bump) + b; /// ``` impl<'a, 'bump> Add<&'a str> for String<'bump> { type Output = String<'bump>;
/// Implements the `+=` operator for appending to a `String<'bump>`. /// /// This has the same behavior as the [`push_str`][String::push_str] method. impl<'a, 'bump> AddAssign<&'a str> for String<'bump> { #[inline] fn add_assign(&mutself, other: &str) { self.push_str(other);
}
}
impl<'bump> ops::Index<ops::Range<usize>> for String<'bump> { type Output = str;
#[inline] fn index(&self, index: ops::Range<usize>) -> &str {
&self[..][index]
}
} impl<'bump> ops::Index<ops::RangeTo<usize>> for String<'bump> { type Output = str;
#[inline] fn index(&self, index: ops::RangeTo<usize>) -> &str {
&self[..][index]
}
} impl<'bump> ops::Index<ops::RangeFrom<usize>> for String<'bump> { type Output = str;
#[inline] fn index(&self, index: ops::RangeFrom<usize>) -> &str {
&self[..][index]
}
} impl<'bump> ops::Index<ops::RangeFull> for String<'bump> { type Output = str;
/// A draining iterator for `String`. /// /// This struct is created by the [`String::drain`] method. See its /// documentation for more information. pubstruct Drain<'a, 'bump> { /// Will be used as &'a mut String in the destructor
string: *mut String<'bump>, /// Start of part to remove
start: usize, /// End of part to remove
end: usize, /// Current remaining range to remove
iter: Chars<'a>,
}
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