/* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public *License,v.2.0.IfacopyoftheMPLwasnotdistributedwiththis
* file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. */
// LEB128 utilities that can read/write unsigned LEB128 numbers from/to // iterators. // // LEB128 = Little Endian Base 128, where small numbers take few bytes, but // large numbers are still allowed, which is ideal when serializing numbers that // are likely to be small. // Each byte contains 7 bits from the number, starting at the "little end", the // top bit is 0 for the last byte, 1 otherwise. // Numbers 0-127 only take 1 byte. 128-16383 take 2 bytes. Etc. // // Iterators only need to provide: // - `*it` to return a reference to the next byte to be read from or written to. // - `++it` to advance the iterator after a byte is written. // // The caller must always provide sufficient space to write any number, by: // - pre-allocating a large enough buffer, or // - allocating more space when `++it` reaches the end and/or `*it` is invoked // after the end, or // - moving the underlying pointer to an appropriate location (e.g., wrapping // around a circular buffer). // The caller must also provide enough bytes to read a full value (i.e., at // least one byte should have its top bit unset), and a type large enough to // hold the stored value. // // Note: There are insufficient checks for validity! These functions are // intended to be used together, i.e., the user should only `ReadULEB128()` from // a sufficiently-large buffer that the same user filled with `WriteULEB128()`. // Using with externally-sourced data (e.g., DWARF) is *not* recommended. // // https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEB128
// Number of bytes needed to represent `aValue`. template <typename T>
constexpr uint_fast8_t ULEB128Size(T aValue) {
static_assert(!std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed, "ULEB128Size only takes unsigned types"); // We need one output byte per 7 bits of non-zero value. So we just remove // 7 least significant bits at a time until the value becomes zero. // Note the special case of 0, which still needs 1 output byte; this is done // by starting the first loop before we check for 0.
uint_fast8_t size = 0; for (;;) {
size += 1;
aValue >>= 7; // Expecting small values, so it should be more likely that `aValue == 0`. if (MOZ_LIKELY(aValue == 0)) { return size;
}
}
}
// Maximum number of bytes needed to represent any value of type `T`. template <typename T>
constexpr uint_fast8_t ULEB128MaxSize() { return ULEB128Size<T>(std::numeric_limits<T>::max());
}
// Write `aValue` in LEB128 to `aIterator`. // The iterator will be moved past the last byte. template <typename T, typename It> void WriteULEB128(T aValue, It& aIterator) {
static_assert(!std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed, "WriteULEB128 only takes unsigned types"); using IteratorValue = std::remove_reference_t<decltype(*aIterator)>;
static_assert(sizeof(IteratorValue) == 1, "WriteULEB128 expects an iterator to single bytes"); // 0. Don't test for 0 yet, as we want to output one byte for it. for (;;) { // 1. Extract the 7 least significant bits. const uint_fast8_t byte = aValue & 0x7Fu; // 2. Remove them from `aValue`.
aValue >>= 7; // 3. Write the 7 bits, and set the 8th bit if `aValue` is not 0 yet // (meaning there will be more bytes after this one.) // Expecting small values, so it should be more likely that `aValue == 0`. // Note: No absolute need to force-cast to IteratorValue, because we have // only changed the bottom 8 bits above. However the compiler could warn // about a narrowing conversion from potentially-multibyte uint_fast8_t down // to whatever single-byte type `*iterator* expects, so we make it explicit.
*aIterator = static_cast<IteratorValue>(
MOZ_LIKELY(aValue == 0) ? byte : (byte | 0x80u)); // 4. Always advance the iterator to the next byte.
++aIterator; // 5. We're done if `aValue` is 0. // Expecting small values, so it should be more likely that `aValue == 0`. if (MOZ_LIKELY(aValue == 0)) { return;
}
}
}
// Read an LEB128 value from `aIterator`. // The iterator will be moved past the last byte. template <typename T, typename It>
T ReadULEB128(It& aIterator) {
static_assert(!std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed, "ReadULEB128 must return an unsigned type"); using IteratorValue = std::remove_reference_t<decltype(*aIterator)>;
static_assert(sizeof(IteratorValue) == 1, "ReadULEB128 expects an iterator to single bytes"); // Incoming bits will be added to `result`...
T result = 0; // ... starting with the least significant bits.
uint_fast8_t shift = 0; for (;;) { // 1. Read one byte from the iterator. // `static_cast` just in case IteratorValue is not implicitly convertible to // uint_fast8_t. It wouldn't matter if the sign was extended, we're only // dealing with the bottom 8 bits below. const uint_fast8_t byte = static_cast<uint_fast8_t>(*aIterator); // 2. Always advance the iterator.
++aIterator; // 3. Extract the 7 bits of value, and shift them in place into `result`.
result |= static_cast<T>(byte & 0x7fu) << shift; // 4. If the 8th bit is *not* set, this was the last byte. // Expecting small values, so it should be more likely that the bit is off. if (MOZ_LIKELY((byte & 0x80u) == 0)) { return result;
} // There are more bytes to read. // 5. Next byte will contain more significant bits above the past 7.
shift += 7; // Safety check that we're not going to shift by >= than the type size, // which is Undefined Behavior in C++.
MOZ_ASSERT(shift < CHAR_BIT * sizeof(T));
}
}
// constexpr ULEB128 reader class. // Mostly useful when dealing with non-trivial byte feeds. template <typename T> class ULEB128Reader {
static_assert(!std::numeric_limits<T>::is_signed, "ULEB128Reader must handle an unsigned type");
public:
constexpr ULEB128Reader() = default;
// Don't allow copy/assignment, it doesn't make sense for a stateful parser.
constexpr ULEB128Reader(const ULEB128Reader&) = delete;
constexpr ULEB128Reader& operator=(const ULEB128Reader&) = delete;
// Feed a byte into the parser. // Returns true if this was the last byte.
[[nodiscard]] constexpr bool FeedByteIsComplete(unsigned aByte) {
MOZ_ASSERT(!IsComplete()); // Extract the 7 bits of value, and shift them in place into the value.
mValue |= static_cast<T>(aByte & 0x7fu) << mShift; // If the 8th bit is *not* set, this was the last byte. // Expecting small values, so it should be more likely that the bit is off. if (MOZ_LIKELY((aByte & 0x80u) == 0)) {
mShift = mCompleteShift; returntrue;
} // There are more bytes to read. // Next byte will contain more significant bits above the past 7.
mShift += 7; // Safety check that we're not going to shift by >= than the type size, // which is Undefined Behavior in C++.
MOZ_ASSERT(mShift < CHAR_BIT * sizeof(T)); returnfalse;
}
[[nodiscard]] constexpr T Value() const {
MOZ_ASSERT(IsComplete()); return mValue;
}
private: // Special value of `mShift` indicating that parsing is complete.
constexpr staticunsigned mCompleteShift = 0x10000u;
T mValue = 0; unsigned mShift = 0;
};
} // namespace mozilla
#endif// leb128iterator_h
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